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View CSAF 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CVSS v3 7.8 ATTENTION: Low attack complexity Vendor: Schneider Electric Equipment: Web Designer for Modicon Vulnerability: Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference 2. RISK EVALUATION Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could result in information disclosure, workstation integrity and potential remote code execution on the compromised computer. 3. TECHNICAL DETAILS 3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS The following versions of Web Designer for Modicon are affected: Web Designer for BMXNOR0200H: All versions Web Designer for BMXNOE0110(H): All versions Web Designer for BMENOC0311(C): All versions Web Designer for BMENOC0321(C): All versions 3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW 3.2.1 IMPROPER RESTRICTION OF XML EXTERNAL ENTITY REFERENCE CWE-611 The affected product is vulnerable to an improper restriction of XML external entity reference vulnerability that could cause information disclosure, impacts to workstation integrity, and potential remote code execution on the compromised computer when a specifically crafted XML file is imported in the Web Designer configuration tool. CVE-2024-12476 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H). 3.3 BACKGROUND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Commercial Facilities, Energy, Food and Agriculture, Government Facilities, Transportation Systems, Water and Wastewater Systems COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: France 3.4 RESEARCHER Jin Huang of ADLab of Venustech reported this vulnerability Schneider Electric. 4. MITIGATIONS Web Designer tool project file is based on XML language with specific parameters. To ensure the integrity of this file please follow the recommendations below: Encrypt project file (XML configuration file) when stored and restrict the access to only trusted users. When exchanging files over the network, use secure communication protocols. Only open project files received from a trusted source. Compute a hash of the project files and regularly check the consistency of this hash to verify the integrity before usage. To ensure you are informed of all updates, including details on affected products and remediation plans, subscribe to Schneider Electric's security notification service here: https://www.se.com/ww/en/work/support/cybersecurity/security-notifications.jsp Schneider Electric strongly recommends the following industry cybersecurity best practices. Locate control and safety system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolate them from the business network. Install physical controls so no unauthorized personnel can access your industrial control and safety systems, components, peripheral equipment, and networks. Place all controllers in locked cabinets and never leave them in the "Program" mode. Never connect programming software to any network other than the network intended for that device. Scan all methods of mobile data exchange with the isolated network such as CDs, USB drives, etc. before use in the terminals or any node connected to these networks. Never allow mobile devices that have connected to any other network besides the intended network to connect to the safety or control networks without proper sanitation. Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and systems and ensure that they are not accessible from the Internet. When remote access is required, use secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Recognize that VPNs may have their own vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also, understand that VPNs are only as secure as the connected devices. For more information refer to the Schneider Electric Recommended Cybersecurity Best Practices document. For more information, see Schneider Electric security notification "SEVD-2025-014-04 Web Server on Modicon M340 and BMXNOE0100/0110, BMXNOR0200H communication modules" CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures. CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies. CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies. Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents. CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks: Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages. Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams. Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks. No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability is not exploitable remotely. 5. UPDATE HISTORY February 4, 2025: Initial Publication

View CSAF 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CVSS v4 7.1 ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity Vendor: Rockwell Automation Equipment: 1756-L8zS3, 1756-L3zS3 Vulnerability: Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions 2. RISK EVALUATION Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a remote, non-privileged user to send malicious requests resulting in a major nonrecoverable fault causing a denial-of-service condition. 3. TECHNICAL DETAILS 3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS The following Rockwell Automation products are affected: 1756-L8zS3: Versions prior to V33.017, V34.014, V35.013, V36.011 1756-L3zS3: Versions prior to V33.017, V34.014, V35.013, V36.011 3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW 3.2.1 Improper Handling of Exceptional Conditions CWE-755 A denial-of-service vulnerability exists in the affected products. The vulnerability could allow a remote, non-privileged user to send malicious requests resulting in a major nonrecoverable fault causing a denial-of-service. CVE-2025-24478 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.5 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H). A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for  CVE-2025-24478. A base score of 7.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N). 3.3 BACKGROUND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States 3.4 RESEARCHER Rockwell Automation reported this vulnerability to CISA. 4. MITIGATIONS Rockwell Automation recommends users of the affected software to apply the risk mitigations, if possible. Update to V33.017, V34.014, V35.013, V36.011, or the latest version. Restrict Access to the task object via CIP Security and Hard Run. For information on how to mitigate security risks on industrial automation control systems, Rockwell Automation encourages users to implement our suggested security best practices to minimize the risk of the vulnerability. Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization can be used to generate more environment-specific prioritization. For more information about this issue, please see the advisory on the Rockwell Automation security page. CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as: Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet. Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks. When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices. CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures. CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies. CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies. Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents. CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks: Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages. Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams. Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks. No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. 5. UPDATE HISTORY February 4, 2025: Initial Publication

View CSAF 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CVSS v4 6.0 ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity Vendor: Western Telematic Inc Equipment: NPS Series, DSM Series, CPM Series Vulnerability: External Control of File Name or Path 2. RISK EVALUATION Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an authenticated attacker to gain privileged access to files on the device's filesystem. 3. TECHNICAL DETAILS 3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS The following Western Telematic Inc products are affected: Network Power Switch (NPS Series): Firmware Version 6.62 and prior Console Server (DSM Series): Firmware Version 6.62 and prior Console Server + PDU Combo Unit (CPM Series): Firmware Version 6.62 and prior 3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW 3.2.1 External Control of File Name or Path CWE-73 Multiple Western Telematic (WTI) products contain a web interface that is vulnerable to a Local File Inclusion Attack (LFI), where any authenticated user has privileged access to files on the device's filesystem. CVE-2025-0630 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.5 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N). A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for  CVE-2025-0630. A base score of 6.0 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N). 3.3 BACKGROUND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Communications COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States 3.4 RESEARCHER notnotnotveg ( notnotnotveg@gmail.com) reported this vulnerability to CISA. 4. MITIGATIONS Western Telematic Inc reports this issue was discovered and patched in 2020. Western Telematic Inc recommends users follow best practices and update to the latest version. For DSM/CPM units: Update to 8.06 For NPS units: Update 4.02 Ensure the default passwords are changed prior to deployment CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as: Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet. Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks. When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices. CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures. CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies. CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies. Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents. No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. 5. UPDATE HISTORY February 4, 2025: Initial Publication

CISA—in partnership with international and U.S. organizations—released guidance to help organizations protect their network edge devices and appliances, such as firewalls, routers, virtual private networks (VPN) gateways, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, internet-facing servers, and internet-facing operational technology (OT) systems. The published guidance is as follows: “Security Considerations for Edge Devices,” led by the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS), a part of the Communications Security Establishment Canada. “Digital Forensics Monitoring Specifications for Products of Network Devices and Applications,” led by the United Kingdom’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC-UK). “Mitigation Strategies for Edge Devices: Executive Guidance” and “Mitigation Strategies for Edge Devices: Practitioner Guidance,” two separate guides led by the Australian Signals Directorate’s Australian Cyber Security Centre (ASD’s ACSC). Foreign adversaries routinely exploit software vulnerabilities in network edge devices to infiltrate critical infrastructure networks and systems. The damage can be expensive, time-consuming, and reputationally catastrophic for public and private sector organizations. These guidance documents detail various considerations and strategies for a more secure and resilient network both before and after a compromise. CISA and partner agencies urge device manufacturers and critical infrastructure owners and operators to review and implement the recommended actions and mitigations in the publications. Device manufacturers, please visit CISA’s Secure by Design page for more information on how to align development processes with the goal of reducing the prevalence of vulnerabilities in devices. Critical infrastructure owners and operators, please see Secure by Demand: Priority Considerations for Operational Technology Owners and Operators when Selecting Digital Products for guidance on procuring secure products.

View CSAF 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CVSS v4 9.3 ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity Vendor: AutomationDirect Equipment: C-more EA9 HMI Vulnerability: Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow') 2. RISK EVALUATION Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to cause a denial-of-service condition or achieve remote code execution on the affected device. 3. TECHNICAL DETAILS 3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS The following Automation Direct products are affected: C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T6CL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T7CL-R: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T7CL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T8CL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T10CL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T10WCL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T12CL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T15CL-R: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-T15CL: v6.79 and prior C-more EA9 HMI EA9-RHMI: v6.79 and prior 3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW 3.2.1 Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow') CWE-120 AutomationDirect C-more EA9 HMI contains a function with bounds checks that can be skipped, which could result in an attacker abusing the function to cause a denial-of-service condition or achieving remote code execution on the affected device. CVE-2025-0960 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 9.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H). A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for  CVE-2025-0960. A base score of 9.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N). 3.3 BACKGROUND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States 3.4 RESEARCHER Sharon Brizinov of Claroty Team82 reported this vulnerability to CISA. 4. MITIGATIONS AutomationDirect recommends that users update C-MORE EA9 HMI software and firmware to V6.80. If an immediate update is not feasible, AutomationDirect recommends considering the following interim steps until the programming software can be updated: Isolate the HMI Workstation: Disconnect the HMI from external networks (e.g., internet or corporate LAN) to limit exposure to external threats. Use dedicated, secure internal networks or air-gapped systems for communication with programmable devices. Control Access: Restrict physical and logical access to the HMI to authorized personnel only. Implement Whitelisting: Use application whitelisting to allow only pre-approved and trusted software to execute on the HMI. Block untrusted or unauthorized applications. Apply Endpoint Security Measures: Use antivirus or endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools to monitor for and mitigate threats. Ensure that host-based firewalls are properly configured to block unauthorized access. Monitor and Log Activity: Enable logging and monitoring of system activities to detect potential anomalies or unauthorized actions. Regularly review logs for suspicious activity. Use Secure Backup and Recovery: Regularly back up the workstation and its configurations to a secure location. Test recovery procedures to ensure minimal downtime in the event of an incident. Conduct Regular Risk Assessments: Continuously assess the risks posed by the outdated software and adjust mitigation measures as necessary. For more information, please see the AutomationDirect security advisory. CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as: When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices. CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures. CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies. CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies. Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents. No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. 5. UPDATE HISTORY February 4, 2025: Initial Publication

CISA has added four new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2024-45195 Apache OFBiz Forced Browsing Vulnerability CVE-2024-29059 Microsoft .NET Framework Information Disclosure Vulnerability CVE-2018-9276 Paessler PRTG Network Monitor OS Command Injection Vulnerability CVE-2018-19410 Paessler PRTG Network Monitor Local File Inclusion Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.

View CSAF 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CVSS v4 6.1 ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely Vendor: Schneider Electric Equipment: Pro-face GP-Pro EX and Remote HMI Vulnerability: Improper Enforcement of Message Integrity During Transmission in a Communication Channel 2. RISK EVALUATION Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow man-in-the-middle attacks, resulting in information disclosure, integrity issues, and operational failures. 3. TECHNICAL DETAILS 3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS The following versions of Pro-face GP-Pro EX and Remote HMI are affected: Pro-face GP-Pro EX: All versions Pro-face Remote HMI: All versions 3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW 3.2.1 IMPROPER ENFORCEMENT OF MESSAGE INTEGRITY DURING TRANSMISSION IN A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL CWE-924 The affected products are vulnerable to an improper enforcement of message integrity during transmission in a communication channel vulnerability that could cause partial loss of confidentiality, loss of integrity, and availability of the HMI when attacker performs man-in-the-middle attack by intercepting the communication. CVE-2024-12399 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H). A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2024-12399. A base score of 6.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N). 3.3 BACKGROUND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Energy COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: France 3.4 RESEARCHER Haichuan Xu from the Georgia Institute of Technology reported this vulnerability to Schneider Electric. 4. MITIGATIONS Schneider Electric is establishing a remediation plan for all future versions of Pro-face GP-Pro EX and Pro-face Remote HMI that will include a fix for this vulnerability. Schneider Electric will provide an update when the remediation is available. Until then, users should immediately apply the following mitigations to reduce the risk of exploit: For users requiring the use of Pro-face Remote HMI, Schneider Electric recommends using following mitigations: Use of Pro-face Connect solution or any other VPN solutions for securing the remote access by encrypting the communication between Pro-face Remote HMI and Pro-face GP-ProEX. Always connect the products to only trusted networks and follow the Pro-face Cybersecurity Guidelines. Set up a connection password. For more details refer to the GP-Pro EX V4.0 Reference Manual in section "Remote Viewer - Pro-face Remote HMI". For users not using the Pro-face Remote HMI, Schneider Electric recommends using following mitigations to reduce the risk of exploit: Disabling the Pro-face Remote HMI feature (deactivated by default). For more details refer to the GP-Pro EX V4.0 Reference Manual section "Pro-face Remote HMI Settings." Schneider Electric strongly recommends the following industry cybersecurity best practices. Locate control and safety system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolate them from the business network. Install physical controls so no unauthorized personnel can access your industrial control and safety systems, components, peripheral equipment, and networks. Place all controllers in locked cabinets and never leave them in the "Program" mode. Never connect programming software to any network other than the network intended for that device. Scan all methods of mobile data exchange with the isolated network such as CDs, USB drives, etc. before use in the terminals or any node connected to these networks. Never allow mobile devices that have connected to any other network besides the intended network to connect to the safety or control networks without proper sanitation. Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and systems and ensure that they are not accessible from the Internet. When remote access is required, use secure methods, such as virtual private networks (VPNs). Recognize that VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also, understand that VPNs are only as secure as the connected devices. For more information refer to the Schneider Electric Recommended Cybersecurity Best Practices document. For more information, see Schneider Electric security notification "SEVD-2025-014-02 Schneider Electric Security Notification Pro-face GP-Pro EX and Remote HMI" CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures. CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies. CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies. Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents. CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks: Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages. Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams. Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks. No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. 5. UPDATE HISTORY February 4, 2025: Initial Publication

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Iran-backed groups were the most prolific adversarial users, while North Korean APTs used the LLM for likely IT worker scams.